vocabulary

A vocabulary is commonly defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person".^[1] Unfortunately, this definition does not take into account a range of issues involved in knowing a word.

Productive and receptive

The first major distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive (also called active) or receptive (also called passive) and even within those opposing categories, there is often times no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a person's receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well-known to barely known (see degree of knowledge below). In most cases, a person's receptive vocabulary is the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, he or she may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which he or she is exposed. In this case, the child's receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words but his or her active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the child's active vocabulary begins to increase. Productive vocabulary, therefore, generally refers to words which can be produced within an appropriate context and match the intended meaning of the speaker or signer. As with receptive vocabulary, however, there are many degrees at which a particular word may be considered part of an active vocabulary. Knowing how to pronounce, sign, or write a word does not necessarily mean that the word has been used correctly or accurately reflect the intended message of the utterance, but it does reflect a minimal amount of productive knowledge.

Degree of knowledge

Within the receptive / productive distinction lies a range of abilities which are often referred to as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a person's vocabulary over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described as:

1. Never encountered the word.
2. Heard the word, but cannot define it.
3. Recognize the word due to context or tone of voice.
4. Able to use the word but cannot clearly explain it.
5. Fluent with the word – its use and definition.

Depth of knowledge

The differing degrees of word knowledge imply a greater depth of knowledge, but the process is more complex than that. There are many facets to knowing a word, some of which are not hierarchical so their acquisition does not necessarily follow a linear progression suggested by degree of knowledge. Several frameworks of work knowledge have been proposed to better operationalise this concept. One such framework includes nine facets:

1. orthography - written form
2. phonology - spoken form
3. reference - meaning
4. semantics - concept and reference
5. register - appropriacy of use
6. collocation - lexical neighbours
7. word associations
8. syntax - grammatical function
9. morphology - word parts

Types of vocabulary

Listed in order of most ample to most limited:^[2][3]

Reading vocabulary

A person's reading vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when reading. This is the largest type of vocabulary simply because it includes the other three.

Listening vocabulary

A person's listening vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when listening to speech. This vocabulary is aided in size by context and tone of voice.

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Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a large number of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action.
Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement.
Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mass media can be defined as any media meant to reach a mass amount of people. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages.

DEFINISI:
Iklan adalah bentuk komunikasi yang dimaksudkan untuk membujuk penonton (pemirsa, pembaca atau pendengar) untuk membeli atau mengambil beberapa tindakan atas produk, ide, atau layanan. Ini mencakup nama produk atau layanan dan bagaimana produk atau layanan dapat menguntungkan konsumen, untuk membujuk target pasar untuk membeli atau untuk mengkonsumsi bahwa merek tertentu. Pesan-pesan ini biasanya dibayar oleh sponsor dan dilihat melalui berbagai media. Iklan juga dapat berfungsi untuk mengkomunikasikan ide untuk sejumlah besar orang dalam upaya untuk meyakinkan mereka untuk mengambil tindakan tertentu.
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ANNOUNCEMENT

ANNOUNCEMENT

  

Definition

Statement made formally and publicly to the press for mass distribution. Announcements can be made in response to something such as rumors, or can be made for positive reasons such as the introduction of a new product or practice. For example, a company in the business of manufacturingcomputers may unexpectedly make an announcement about a new computer model. See also press release.

Definisi
Pernyataan resmi dan terbuka kepada pers untuk distribusi massa. Pengumuman dapat dibuat sebagai respons terhadap sesuatu seperti rumor, atau dapat dibuat untuk alasan yang positif seperti pengenalan produk baru atau praktek. Sebagai contoh, sebuah perusahaan dalam bisnis manufacturingcomputers tak terduga dapat membuat pengumuman tentang model komputer baru. Lihat juga press release.